STRUCTURAL AND COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE AND NANO-CHITOSAN SYNTHESIZED FROM PINCTADA MAXIMA SHELL WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
DOI:
10.29303/ipr.v9i2.574Downloads
Abstract
Pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) aquaculture in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), Indonesia, generates underutilized shell waste that may impact coastal environments. This study aimed to convert the Pinctada maxima shell waste into high-value biomaterials, specifically hydroxyapatite (HA) and nano-chitosan, and to characterize their physicochemical properties for potential biomedical applications. HA was synthesized via the wet precipitation method followed by calcination at 1000 °C and 1100 °C. Concurrently, nano-chitosan was prepared through ionic gelation, investigating the effect of 70% and 80% NaOH alkaline treatments. Characterization of HA using EDX indicated a stable Ca/P molar ratio of 1.68 ± 0.03 (1000°C) and 1.67 ± 0.03 (1100°C), FTIR confirmed the presence of hydroxyl and phosphate groups, and XRD revealed well-defined crystalline structures. For nano-chitosan, particle size analysis (PSA) showed size ranges from 235.55 ± 43.90 up to 2728.58 ± 258.74 nm (70% NaOH) and 20.63 ± 18.04 up to 3525.55 ± 13.06 nm (80% NaOH), with FTIR confirming successful ionic cross-linking. The degree of deacetylation (DD) was found to be high, 81.13 ± 0.03% and 82.65 ± 0.15% respectively, although the XRD patterns indicated a predominantly amorphous structure for the nano-chitosan. These findings suggest that the synthesized HA and nano-chitosan from Pinctada maxima shell waste possess favorable physicochemical characteristics, thus supporting their potential as sustainable materials for various biomedical applications.
Keywords:
Biomaterials Deacetylation degree Ionic gelation Sustainable synthesis BiopolymersReferences
[1] S. E. Nurmaulida Et Al., “Fabrication Of Chitosan Biopolymer From Pearl Oyster Shells (Pinctada Maxima) For Medical Applications,” Indones. Phys. Rev., Vol. 6, No. 2, Pp. 240–249, 2023.
[2] A. Farazin And S. F. Darghiasi, “Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds For Bone Regeneration,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., No. August, 2025.
[3] F. L. Muntean Et Al., “Hydroxyapatite From Mollusk Shells: Characteristics, Production, And Potential Applications In Dentistry,” Dent. J., Vol. 12, No. 12, Pp. 1–24, 2024.
[4] M. Trzaskowska, V. Vivcharenko, And A. Przekora, “The Impact Of Hydroxyapatite Sintering Temperature On Its Microstructural, Mechanical, And Biological Properties,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., Vol. 24, No. 6, 2023.
[5] D. J. Patty, A. D. Nugraheni, I. D. Ana, And Y. Yusuf, “In Vitro Bioactivity Of 3d Microstructure Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Based-Egg White As An Antibacterial Agent,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. - Part B Appl. Biomater., Vol. 110, No. 6, Pp. 1412–1424, 2022.
[6] R. Patel And A. P. Jain, “Preparation And Characterization Of Levodopa-Selegiline Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles,” Int. J. Medical, Pharm. Heal. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 34–40, 2024.
[7] S. Rahayu, Masruroh, D. J. D. H. Santjojo, N. Septiani, And R. Wirawan, “Isolation And Characterization Of Chitosan From Nacre Of The Oyster Pearl Shell (Pinctada Maxima) As Biopolimer,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., Vol. 2980, No. 1, 2025.
[8] D. W. Kurniawidi Et Al., “Modification Of Chitosan Isolation Method From Pearl Oyster Shell ( Pinctada Maxima Sp) As A Source Of Natural Polymer,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., Vol. 2866, No. 1, 2024.
[9] G. Alawiyah Et Al., “Synthesis Of Nanochitosan From Oyster Pearl Shell ( Pinctada Maxima) As Renewable Energy Candidate,” Acta Chim. Asiana, Vol. 7, No. 2, Pp. 526–533, 2024.
[10] International Organization For Standardization, “Iso 13779-3:2018 - Implants For Surgery — Hydroxyapatite — Part 3: Chemical Analysis And Characterization Of Crystallinity Ratio And Phase Purity,” Geneva, 2018
[11] D. Sonin Et Al., “Biological Safety And Biodistribution Of Chitosan Nanoparticles,” Nanomaterials, Vol. 10, No. 4, Pp. 1–23, 2020.
[12] C. K. Ng Et Al., “Characterization And Sintering Properties Of Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics Synthesized From Clamshell Biowaste,” Iium Eng. J., Vol. 23, No. 2, Pp. 228–236, Jul. 2022.
[13] A. Sangmala, P. Naemchanthara, P. Limsuwan, And K. Naemchanthara, “Replacement Of Hydroxyapatite From Chicken Eggshell Waste For Ceramic Properties Improvement,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., Vol. 18, No. 6, Pp. 2132–2142, Nov. 2021.
[14] K. Niziołek, D. Słota, J. Sadlik, E. Łachut, W. Florkiewicz, And A. Sobczak-Kupiec, “Influence Of Drying Technique On Physicochemical Properties Of Synthetic Hydroxyapatite And Its Potential Use As A Drug Carrier,” Materials (Basel)., Vol. 16, No. 19, 2023.
[15] S. Yarnpakdee, T. Senphan, S. Karnjanapratum, C. Jaisan, And S. Wangtueai, “Structural Characterization And Antibacterial Activity Of Pearl Oyster (Pinctada Maxima) Shell As Affected By Calcination Temperature,” J. Agric. Food Res., Vol. 19, No. April 2024, P. 101551, 2025.
[16] B. Fatima, “Quantitative Analysis By Ir: Determination Of Chitin/Chitosan Dd,” Mod. Spectrosc. Tech. Appl., 2020.
[17] A. Kurzyk Et Al., “Calcination And Ion Substitution Improve Physicochemical And Biological Properties Of Nanohydroxyapatite For Bone Tissue Engineering Applications,” Sci. Rep., Vol. 13, No. 1, Pp. 1–17, 2023.
[18] F. Fendi, B. Abdullah, S. Suryani, I. Raya, And D. Tahir, “The Use Of Waste Bones Of Rabbitfish (Siganus Sp.) For The Synthesis Of Hydroxyapatite,” Iop Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., Vol. 1230, No. 1, P. 012042, Sep. 2023.
[19] D. J. Patty, A. D. Nugraheni, I. Dewi Ana, And Y. Yusuf, “Mechanical Characteristics And Bioactivity Of Nanocomposite Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Coated Titanium For Bone Tissue Engineering,” Bioengineering, Vol. 9, No. 12, 2022.
[20] M. Megawati, D. J. Patty, And Y. Yusuf, “Synthesis And Characterization Of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite From Pinctada Maxima Shell With Short Aging Time For Bone Biomaterial Candidate,” Eng. Chem., Vol. 3, Pp. 13–18, 2023.
[21] N. Bayram, S. Dikmen, And S. Malkoç, “Effect Of Different Calcination Temperatures On Synthesized Hydroxyapatites From Waste Eggshell,” Eskişehir Tech. Univ. J. Sci. Technol. A - Appl. Sci. Eng., Vol. 25, No. 4, Pp. 590–601, 2024.
[22] D. J. Patty, A. D. Nugraheni, I. D. Ana, And Y. Yusuf, “In Vitro Bioactivity Of 3d Microstructure Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Based‐Egg White As An Antibacterial Agent,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater., Vol. 110, No. 6, Pp. 1412–1424, Jun. 2022.
[23] N. A. S. M. Pu’ad, P. Koshy, H. Z. Abdullah, M. I. Idris, And T. C. Lee, “Syntheses Of Hydroxyapatite From Natural Sources,” Heliyon, Vol. 5, No. 5, Pp. 1–14, 2019.
[24] A. Hosney, S. Ullah, And K. Barčauskaitė, “A Review Of The Chemical Extraction Of Chitosan From Shrimp Wastes And Prediction Of Factors Affecting Chitosan Yield By Using An Artificial Neural Network,” Mar. Drugs, Vol. 20, No. 11, 2022.
[25] H. Aldila, Asmar, V. A. Fabiani, D. Y. Dalimunthe, And R. Irwanto, “The Effect Of Deproteinization Temperature And Naoh Concentration On Deacetylation Step In Optimizing Extraction Of Chitosan From Shrimp Shells Waste,” Iop Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., Vol. 599, No. 1, 2020.
[26] R. E. Des Bouillons-Gamboa Et Al., “Synthesis Of Chitosan Nanoparticles (Csnp): Effect Of Ch-Ch-Tpp Ratio On Size And Stability Of Nps,” Front. Chem., Vol. 12, No. November, Pp. 1–14, 2024.
[27] R. Jha And R. A. Mayanovic, “A Review Of The Preparation, Characterization, And Applications Of Chitosan Nanoparticles In Nanomedicine,” Nanomaterials, Vol. 13, No. 8, 2023.
[28] M. E. S. Ahmed, M. I. Mohamed, H. Y. Ahmed, M. M. Elaasser, And N. G. Kandile, “Fabrication And Characterization Of Unique Sustain Modified Chitosan Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications,” Sci. Rep., Vol. 14, No. 1, Pp. 1–18, 2024.
[29] E. Alehosseini, H. Shahiri Tabarestani, M. S. Kharazmi, And S. M. Jafari, “Physicochemical, Thermal, And Morphological Properties Of Chitosan Nanoparticles Produced By Ionic Gelation,” Foods, Vol. 11, No. 23, 2022.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Indonesian Physical Review Journal, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC BY SA-4.0). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Indonesian Physical Review Journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
