LEVERAGING THE UBIQUITOUS GPS SENSOR ON THE SMARTPHONES FOR ACCESSIBLE LAND SURVEYING

2024-09-06T08:47:42+01:00

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is an essential tool in land surveying. GPS has become an alternative method of surveying that requires less manpower and less time. However, GPS devices are still expensive to buy, especially for students. On the other hand, almost every student has a smartphone with a built-in GPS sensor, so this GPS is certainly accessible to everyone with a smartphone. This study used a smartphone's GPS to conduct land surveying at the campus of Bengkulu University. This smartphone’s GPS was used to track various parameters such as coordinates, elevation, and distance between two or more points to calculate the area within the study area. The innovative method of using the built-in GPS sensor in smartphones will provide convenience for users and introduce simplified open-source software for the land measurement process. The measurement was calibrated using a conventional roll meter to verify the linear error by comparing the two measurements between the smartphone’s GPS and roll meter. The smartphone’s GPS reading was logged using GPS Waypoints and My Tracks, free Android applications on the Google Play store. This study's average error in measurements obtained using GPS on smartphones was 3.02%. This value is sufficient for the initial stage of low-cost land surveys and falls within ideal conditions for GPS measurements. Therefore, this article emphasizes the potential of smartphone GPS to optimize techniques in education and scientific investigations.

IMPACT OF ZN-DOPPED ON SNEDDS/ZNXFE3-XO4 FORMULATION ON THEIR CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND ANTIOXIDANT PERFORMANCE

2025-01-26T15:56:55+00:00

Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS)/Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ has been successfully formulated through the synthesis of Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ by the coprecipitation method and SNEDDS/Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ by the sonication method. This study is focused on the effect of Zn doping on the crystal structure and antioxidant performance of Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ nanoparticles. Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ samples were characterized using FTIR and XRD to determine the functional groups and structure of the sample, respectively. SNEDDS/Zn_xFe_3-xO₄samples were characterized using FTIR and Antioxidants with the DPPH method to determine the functional groups and antioxidants in the sample, respectively. The FTIR characterization results of the Zn_xFe_3-xO₄sample showed the emergence of Zn-O and Fe-O functional groups in the wave number range of 825-869 cm^-1 and 560-594 cm^-1, respectively. This indicates that Zn²⁺ doping was successfully synthesized and shifted the Fe³⁺ ion. The IR spectrum also shows that the higher the concentration of Zn²⁺ ions, the more significant the change in absorption intensity, indicating that more molecules absorb light at wave numbers of 825-869 cm^-1. The XRD characterization results show that the Zn_xFe_3-xO₄nanoparticle structure is an inverse cubic spinel occupying the Fd3m crystal group. Based on the analysis of XRD data, the higher the concentration of Zn²⁺ doping, the smaller the size of the Zn_xFe_3-xO₄nanoparticles produced. The diffraction peak of the sample on the 311 plane shifts towards a smaller angle due to the effectiveness of Zn²⁺ ion doping, shifting the Fe³⁺ ion because the radius of the Zn²⁺ ion is larger than the Fe³⁺ one. The antioxidant performance analysis of SNEDDS/ZnxFe3-xO4 showed inhibition potential ranging from 11% to 15%, increasing with higher Zn²⁺ concentrations.

Indonesian Physical Review

LEVERAGING THE UBIQUITOUS GPS SENSOR ON THE SMARTPHONES FOR ACCESSIBLE LAND SURVEYING

IMPACT OF ZN-DOPPED ON SNEDDS/ZNXFE3-XO4 FORMULATION ON THEIR CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND ANTIOXIDANT PERFORMANCE